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Important provisions in the Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) contain highly problematic elements that undermine Americans’ individual rights and threaten the stability of the U.S. economy. This Tip Sheet will provide a brief description of those troubling areas of the UCC and propose a set of related concrete policy solutions for lawmakers.
The UCC was created in the mid-twentieth century by the Uniform Law Commission—an influential organization of practicing lawyers, judges, legislators, legislative staff, and law professors. The ULC still frequently proposes updates and revisions to the UCC to this day, and it, along with the American Law Institute, is the driving force behind the vast majority of UCC legislative proposals. According to its website, the ULC “provides states with non-partisan, well-conceived and well-drafted legislations that brings clarity and stability to critical areas of state statutory law.”
The ULC notes that the Uniform Commercial Code “is a comprehensive set of laws governing all commercial transactions in the United States.”
The ULC further explains, “It is not a federal law, but a uniformly adopted state law. Uniformity of law is essential in this area for the interstate transaction of business. Because the UCC has been universally adopted, businesses can enter into contracts with confidence that the terms will be enforced in the same way by the courts of every American jurisdiction. … For this reason, the UCC has been called ‘the backbone of American commerce.’”
As the ULC has rightly explained, the UCC is a vital set of laws that allows for commercial activity to be conducted in a relatively cohesive manner across all 50 states. Because commercial activity and technology are always changing, it is prudent for lawmakers to occasionally update the UCC.
Unfortunately, because the UCC is dense and complicated, very few people and organizations understand it. Over the past few decades, the ULC and others have taken advantage of this confusion, by proposing changes to the UCC that few people in the public fully grasp or even learn about. Furthermore, because the ULC has a longstanding positive reputation among state legislators, policymakers frequently make changes to the UCC that have been proposed by the Uniform Law Commission without fully understanding the potential ramifications of their decisions.
Two important examples of this involve the proposed 2022 amendments to UCC Article 9—which deals with secured transactions—and past changes to UCC Article 8—which focuses on investment securities. Although many policymakers do not know it, the ULC’s 2022 proposed alterations to Article 9 would help to pave the way for a potential U.S. central bank digital currency. The amendments made to UCC Article 8, which were passed in the 1990s, have abrogated Americans’ property rights to their own securities, including those contained within retirement accounts, such as 401(k) accounts.
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Jack is a Senior Fellow at Our Republic. He is a classical liberal constitutionalist in the Madisonian tradition, emphasizing institutional legitimacy and durability, self-government, individual liberty, and structural constraints on concentrated authority—wherever it resides.
Jack’s analysis focuses on the erosion of institutional governance and its consequences for legitimacy and effective self-government, including congressional abdication; judicial displacement of legislative authority; delegated monetary power; the entrenchment of the administrative state; executive aggrandizement; the normalization of emergency powers; degradations of federalism; and extraterritorial regulatory regimes that undermine domestic accountability. He applies this analytical framework to contemporary policy debates with an eye toward institutional repair, examining how structural failures manifest and interact across policy domains such as technology, finance, health care, and energy.
Jack writes and edits across formats, producing substantial long-form analysis as well as concise public- and policy-facing work, and regularly shepherds research projects from conception through publication. He engages with policymakers at the federal and state levels, media professionals, and other stakeholders to bring institutional analysis to bear on real-world governance challenges.
His work has been published by The Hill, Fox News, RealClearMarkets, and the Washington Examiner, among others. He is also the coauthor of The Next Big Crash, which analyzes the legal and institutional foundations of the modern financial system and their implications for property rights and investor asset security under conditions of financial stress and crisis governance.
Jack also serves as a Senior Policy Analyst and Research Fellow at The Heartland Institute. He holds a master’s degree in international affairs from Loyola University Chicago and a bachelor’s degree in economics and history from Boston College.
Justin Haskins is a New York Times bestselling author and political commentator, a senior fellow and the founder of Our Republic, and a senior fellow at the Emerging Issues Center at The Heartland Institute, a national free-market think tank. (His work here does not necessarily reflect the views of The Heartland Institute.) Follow him on Twitter @JustinTHaskins.
